Topic 1Disinfection is an essential measure for interrupting human norovirus (HuNoV) transmission, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants due to the ab- sence of a practicable cell culture system for these viruses. The purpose of this study was to screen sodium hypochlorite and ethanol for efficacy against Norwalk virus (NV) and to expand the studies to evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial liquid soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer for the inactivation of NV on human finger pads (Liu, Yuen, Hsiao, Jaykus, & Moe, 2010).

The investigators used one-way ANOVA to compare the NV reduction for dry control, water rinse, hand sanitizer, and liquid soap.

a. Why was the ANOVA an appropriate method?

b. What are the assumptions of the ANOVA?

c. Provide the null and alternative hypotheses associated with the ANOVA in this context. Be sure to define all symbols.