Trochim identifies two common fallacies in research. Describe these two common fallacies and provide a concrete example of each (different from Trochim's). There are two research fallacies that are defined by Trochim (2006). These are the ecological fallacy and the exception fallacy. The ecological fallacy occurs when conclusions are drawn about individuals based upon the analysis of data from a group of participants. The exception fallacy on the other hand is essentially the opposite of the ecological fallacy. This fallacy occurs when you make a generalization about an entire group of people based only a few exceptions. An example of an ecological fallacy would be if a study were conducted and it was found that individuals in the study who wore eye glasses had a higher IQ than those who did not. You could not then make the assumption that every individual who wears eyeglasses has an above average IQ. It may be that individuals who wear eyeglasses tend be more intelligent than those who do not, but based on the data, the assumption cannot be made that every single individual who wears eyeglasses has an above average IQ. An example of an exception fallacy would be assuming that every dog in an entire breed of dogs are viscous because there have been reports of viscous dogs within that particular breed. An example would be the bad reputation that pit bulls receive because of the actions of individual dogs. It is wrong to reach a conclusion about the demeanor of pit bulls as an entire breed based on data collected from individual cases. Both of these types of fallacies point to situations that are present not only in research but in our everyday lives. Often assumptions are made about a particular group based on the actions of a few. It is also common in human nature to make an assumption about an individual based upon the group that they belong to. Often times these assumptions have merit and can be substantiated, but often they are just that, assumptions