True False 1. An accused be convicted of fraud only if his/her dishonesty results in an actual loss of money or property to the victim.

True False 2. The directing mind or identification doctrine requires Raj Khan, the President of Callus Inc., to be personally aware of the conduct of his employees Carson Proudfoot and Lucinda D'Angelo in order for CALLUS Inc. to be found guilty of fraud.

True False 3. According to Edwin Sutherland, in his 1939 address on white collar criminality, crime is in fact not closely correlated with poverty, and white collar criminality is found in every occupation.

True False 4. Public welfare or regulatory offences are presumed to be strict liability in nature. As a result, once the prosecution proves that CALLUS Inc. failed to comply with a demand to produce the requested Income Tax Act documents to Revenue Canada, the burden of proof shifts to CALLUS Inc. to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that it took all reasonable care to supply the documents that were requested.

True False 5. The trial of Lucinda D'Angelo for the strict liability offence of committing an unfair practice by making a false or misleading representation, contrary to the Ontario Consumer Protection Act, has just concluded and legal submissions in closing argument are being made. You are the trial judge. If you rule that Lucinda has raised a reasonable doubt about whether she committed the prohibited act element of the unfair practice offence, you should find Lucy not guilty.