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SECTION A: J data is pro cessed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and Os. Each 1 or 0 is called a(n) 7. A series of eight Os and 1s, called a(n) J. represents one character-a letter, number, or punctua. tion mark. Data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. Digital signals are represented by two different , such as +5 volts and +2 volts. Digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a CD or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the sur- face of a hard disk. data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. It can be represented digitally using the number system. data is com- p osed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations. Computers represent this type of data using 1. Unicode, or UTF-8. Data is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such as or mebi (1,048,576), and giga or L (1,073,741,824). To reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be com- pressed. compression provides the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state. compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process. Compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. These files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain SECTION B: Music, voice, and sound effects can all be as a download, stream, or on-demand recorded and stored on a computer as stream. MIDI music is sound that is audio. To digitally record sound, L artificially created. A series of MIDI of the sound are collected at periodic intervals and stored as specify the pitch, volume, and duration of notes that sound numeric data. High-quality sound is usually sampled at 44.1 like various musical instruments. MIDI files are typically J. and each stereo sample requires 32 bits of much smaller than digital audio files for similar musical pas- storage space. To conserve space, radio-quality recordings of sages. However, MIDI music tends to lack the full resonance speaking voices are often recorded at lower sampling rates. of symphony-quality sound that can be achieved with digital Digital audio file formats include WAV, AAC, WMA, FLAC, audio. Speech is the process by which Ogg, and MP3. Most portable media players work with MP3 machines, such as computers, produce sound that resembles format or with the format, used for .m4p spoken words. Speech refers to the abil files at the iTunes Store. These media files can be acquired ity of machines to "understand" spoken words