"Unlike many elections for public office where a person is elected strictly based on the results of a popular vote (i.e., the candidate who earns the most votes in the election wins), in the United States, the election for President of the United States is determined by a process called the Electoral College.

According to the National Archives, the process was established in the United States Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens." (https://tasks.illustrativemathematics.org/content-standards/tasks/1199 accessed November 22, 2020).

Each state receives an allocation of electoral votes in the process, and this allocation is determined by the number of members in the state's delegation to the US Congress. This number is the sum of the number of US Senators that represent the state (always 2, per the Constitution) and the number of Representatives that represent the state in the US House of Representatives (a number that is directly related to the state's population of qualified citizens as determined by the US Census). Therefore the larger a state's population of qualified citizens, the more electoral votes it has.

Note: the District of Columbia (which is not a state) is granted 3 electoral votes in the process through the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution.

The following table shows the allocation of electoral votes for each state and the District of Columbia for the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections. (http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/allocation.html accessed November 22, 2020).

Total Electoral Votes: 538; Majority Needed to Elect: 270

State	Electoral votes	State	Electoral votes	State	Electoral votes
Alabama	9	Kentucky	8	North Dakota	3
Alaska	3	Louisiana	8	Ohio	18
Arizona	11	Maine	4	Oklahoma	7
Arkansas	6	Maryland	10	Oregon	7
California	55	Massachusetts	11	Pennsylvania	20
Colorado	9	Michigan	16	Rhode Island	4
Connecticut	7	Minnesota	10	South Carolina	9
Delaware	3	Mississippi	6	South Dakota	3
District of Columbia	3	Missouri	10	Tennessee	11
Florida	29	Montana	3	Texas	38
Georgia	16	Nebraska	5	Utah	6
Hawaii	4	Nevada	6	Vermont	3
Idaho	4	New Hampshire	4	Virginia	13
Illinois	20	New Jersey	14	Washington	12
Indiana	11	New Mexico	5	West Virginia	5
Iowa	6	New York	29	Wisconsin	10
Kansas	6	North Carolina	15	Wyoming	3

The Constitution does not specify how individual states must allocate their electoral votes. There are different methodologies. In US election 2020, all states, except Maine and Nebraska (in red), have a winner-take-all (WTA) method where the state looks only at the overall winner of the state-wide popular vote. The WTA awards all electoral votes to the popular vote winner of the state.

Maine and Nebraska both use an alternative method of distributing their electoral votes, called the Congressional District-Popular method (CDP).

Maine has two congressional districts while Nebraska has three congressional districts due to its population. The winner of each congressional district (CD) is awarded one electoral vote, and the winner of the state-wide vote is then awarded the state's remaining two electoral votes.

In US election 2020, a vote for the Presidential candidate is for either Trump or Biden.

1. In each state type, define necessary methods to compute the number of popular votes and the number of electoral votes received by each presidential candidate in one state based on its implemented methodology. Use Collections.frequency() and Collections.max() to count votes and assign the winner respectively. (8 marks for computing votes in WTA state + 15 marks for computing votes in CDP state)
2. Redefine the method toString() in the following classes:
   1. Candidate class to concatenate the state name and the number of popular and electoral votes received by a candidate object. (1 mark)
   2. State class to concatenate the state name and the number of popular and electoral votes received by each candidate. In addition to the state certified winner details. (4 marks)