ur answers. Question 13 Taxmania is a closed economy with government. Aggregate demand is described by Y = C + I + G, where C denotes aggregate consumption, I denotes investment and G denotes government expenditure. Disposable income is denoted by YD; income in Taxmania is taxed at a rate t, while the government can also deduct taxes as a lump sum T. In particular: C = 40 + 0.8YD YD = (1-t) Y -T I = 200 - 6r G = 360 t = 0.25 T = 0 (a) Explain briefly what the IS curve represents and find its equation for Taxmania. [6 marks] (b) Find the multiplier for Taxmania and explain its meaning. What does it depend on? [4 marks] (c) The central bank of Taxmania targets the real interest rate and has set r = 4. Use the IS-LM framework to find the level of output in the economy. Show that Taxmania has a balanced budget. [6 marks] (d) Due to the coronavirus pandemic the government of Taxmania increases expenditure on healthcare and vaccinations, raising government spending to G = 560. What is the effect of this on aggregate spending in the economy? Show that Taxmania is now running a budget deficit. [6 marks] (e) Concerned about debt, the government of Taxmania decides to raise taxes. This can be done by either (i) raising the income tax rate t or (ii) introducing a lump sum tax T. Under which tax system will fiscal policy through G be more effective? [8 marks]