Use the supply and demand analysis of the market for reserves to visually illustrate and explain how the following scenarios may arise in equilibrium.

1. A decrease in reserve requirements changes borrowed reserves from positive to zero without changing the federal funds rate.
2. An increase in the reserve interest rate increases the interbank rate and makes it equal to the discount rate.
3. An infinitely small open market purchase decreases the federal funds rate but an equally small open market sale does not change federal funds rate.
4. A market panic leads to a deposit outflow from banks and increases the federal funds rate.
5. When the initial federal funds rate is lower than the discount rate, an open market purchase vis--vis the non-bank public changes neither the quantity of reserves nor the federal funds rate.