Using Porter's Five Forces Framework, highlight the factors that wouldreduce sustainable industry profits (to near zero economic profit).These factors apply to any industry, but you may find it helpful to think of the airline industry in making your selections.

Firms seeking to enter the industry faces high entry costs Customers view the industry products as commodities

Firms must meet stringent government requirements Industry is highly concentrated with a few firms controlling much of the market

The industry does not benefit from economies of scale Customers can easily compare the product and prices of all firms

There are hundreds of thousands of customers who

have little power as buyers Customers can easily switch purchases among firms

Customers have little brand loyalty and low switching costs Employees are highly unionized

Incumbent firms enjoy a good reputation for value and service Only a few firms are suppliers of the largest factors of production

Customer loyalty programs tie customers to incumbent firms Substitutes for the firms' product(s) are widely available and inexpensive

Large incumbent firms benefit from positive network effects Many industry costs are "sunk"