Using the provided financial data for IBM and Oracle for the fiscal year 2018, perform the following analyses:

($ millions)	IBM	Oracle
Net sales	$79,591	$39,831
Cost of goods sold	$35,500	$12,765
Gross profit	$44,091	$27,066
Operating expenses	$28,500	$17,234
Operating income	$15,591	$9,832
Interest and other (income) expense	$1,500	$1,200
Earnings before provision for income taxes	$14,091	$8,632
Provision for income taxes	$4,500	$2,500
Net earnings	$9,591	$6,132

Required: a. Compute the gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin for each company. b. Calculate the return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) for each company. Assume IBM's equity is $30,000 million and total assets are $125,000 million, while Oracle's equity is $25,000 million and total assets are $100,000 million. c. Determine the debt-to-equity ratio for both companies. d. Discuss the profitability and efficiency of both companies based on your calculations. e. Analyze the operational efficiency of both companies by calculating the asset turnover ratio.