Value by product is determined by the customer; it is the difference between realization and sacrifice. Realization is and sacrifice is Value is externally oriented. Only value-added features should be produced; non-value- added activities should be eliminated. The value stream is made up of all activities required to bring a product or service from its start point (e.g., initial product concept) to a finished product in the hands of the consumer. Analyzing the value stream helps managers locate non-value-added activities. Value streams may be created for groups of products. Each value stream includes the same (or very similar) activities. People dedicated to a value stream develop ownership of that value stream and are responsible for its improvement, growth and profitability. Value flow refers to the flow of production through all the processes needed to make the final product, from start to finish. Batch manufacturing entails quite a bit of wait time and move time. These are sources of waste. One way to reduce the non-value- added time of batch manufacturing is to create manufacturing cells which are Similarly, continuous flow manufacturing reduces wait and move times. Setup times and changeover are also reduced