Variables:

Smoking status (IV)was coded as follow: (1) current smoker, (2) quitter, and (3) never smoker.

Pulmonary Functional Status Scale (DV), a 30-item, five point, Likert-type scale that includes items about dyspnea, limitations in activities of daily living, and psychosocial behaviors.The scale has been found to be reliable and valid in this population.The possible range of scores is 10 - 50 points, with lower scores indicating a greater impact of pulmonary disease.That is, the higher the score, the better the subject is able to function in spite of the pulmonary disease.

Ho:1= 2= 3

H1: Not Ho

1. Do the data meet the assumptions and requirements for the ANOVA?Provide rationale for your answer.

2.What is the value ofF? Using an alpha of .05, is theFstatistically significant?

3. Which pairs are significantly different from one another, using this multiple comparison procedure ?