VIDEO CASE When Gary Erickson started out on one of his typical longdistance bike treks in 1990. he expected to have a great ride. What he did not expect was to come home with the idea for a sports nutrition energy bar that became the genesis of Clif Bar & Company. After consuming most of his supply of Power Bars part way through the 175mile ride, Erickson could not face the prospect of consuming another one. Instead. he gured he could come up with something better. Something sports enthusiasts would not mind eating in quantities while out on the road or the trail. The result? The CLIF BAR. an all-natural combination of grains. nuts, and fruit. with far more taste appeal than the standard energy bar of the time. Today. the Berkeley. California-based company has over 100 stock- keeping units. or SKUs. in its product mix. including numerous flavorful versions of the original CLIF BAR plus brands such as LUNA. The Whole Nu- trition Bar for WomenTM; CLIF Kid Organic ZBaRTM, The Whole Grain Energy bar for kids; CLlF MoioTM, The Sweet 8. Salty Trail Mix Bar; and CLIF Nectar, an organic fruit and not bar made with just five ingredients. CLIF BARS were originally distributed through cycling shops and other niche retail outlets but can now be found in a wide variety of retail outlets in the United States, such as Whole Foods. Trader Joe's, REI. and even your local grocery store. Supply Chain Sustainability at Clif Bar & Company From the beginning, CLIF BARS were made from wholesome ingredi ents. Yet as Erickson looked at the ingredients being sourced for CLIF BAR, he realized that making a healthy food product and sourcing ingredients from farmers. ranchers. and cooperatives using organic growing techniques was a \"natural" fit. The company made a commitment to both sustainable growing techniques and using only organic raw ingredients back then, and by 2003, had made CLiF BAR 70 percent certified organic. Since then, six of Clif Bar s Company's CLIF and LUNA brands are now made with 70 percent organic ingredients or more. The impact on the supply chain for sourcing organic ingredients is tre mendous. First. there is a limitedbut growingnumber of organic growers for the ingredients Clif Bar uses. Second, growers who do not use pesticides. herbicides, and genetically modified plants are sometimes at risk of produc~ ing lower crop yields. Third, it can be more costly to store the ingredients. And fourth, as more companies commit to environmentally responsible pro- grams and organic ingredients, competition is great for the available global supply. The company's forecasters and planners work hard to manage both the raw ingredient inventory flows from upstream suppliers and the finished goods flows to downstream customers to be sure products are available in the right quantities and right locations. Ordering on raw materials and packaging materials is aggregated to provide efficient sourcing. Produc tion is planned, based on both input and output forecasts. to maximize customer service and minimize inventory. Several times a year, production plans are shared with business partners at all points of the supply chain to make sure the flow of ingredients and products is smooth, and that inven- tories do not accumulate at any point in the supply chain beyond planned volumes. Monthly forecasts and changes to plans also are communicated to all supply chain partners. Clif Bar & Company managers know that consumers' tastes for prod- ucts change regularly, so new flavors and brands are periodically introduced into the various brands. Likewise, avors are sometimes retired to make room for new ones. As the company's research and development team pre- pares to move a new product idea from the test kitchen to the manufacturing plant. supply chain managers must get to work assuring any new ingredients can be procured. As a smaller and privately owned company, Clif Bar does not own its manufacturing plants and distribution centers. and relies on contrac tual agreements with outsourcers in the United States. These supply chain business partners are carefully chosen for their ability to manufacture and distribute Clif Bar's products. their commitment to quality. and their align- ment with Clif Bar's own value system. This value system. referred to as the company's \"Five Aspirations." holds that Clif Bar & Company will work toward sustaining its people. brands, business, community. and the planet. Greg Ginsburg, Vice President of Supply Chain, wants to be sure all parts of the supply chainowned or notare in agreement with these aspirations. \"We look at their energy sourcing, labor practices. and workplace environments. And where we source products from small cooperatives, we'll go as far back as possible to assure those tiny growers know about our expectations," says Ginsburg. QUESTIONS 1. In what ways does Clif Bar have a sustainable supply chain? 2. Regarding financial responsibility. what business risks does Clif Bar & Company face with so many parts of its supply chain outsourced? 3. What issues or risks to sustainability could Clif Bar 8- Company encoun ter if it chose to expand to international markets