VW Limited, a South African$-$based chocolate manufacturing company, intends to expand its output capacity in order to

meet the expected increase in demand from the industry. The company plan is to acquire a new machine from China. They

have the option to either lease or purchase the new machinery. The machinery has a cost of R$1850000.$

LEASE:

The company can lease the machinery under a three$-$year lease. They have to make a payment of R$600000$ at the end of

each year. VW Limited has the option to buy the machinery at the end of the lease for R$185000$ and the financial manager

intends on exercising this option. Insurance costs of R$14000$ are borne by the lessee.

BUY:

Alternatively, the company could finance the R$1850000$ cost of the machinery through its retained earnings, payable

upfront. VW Limited will also pay an additional R$52000$ per year for insurance costs while the current running costs $($water

and electricity$)$ for similar machines are R$55000$ per annum.

Insurance is expected to increase by $6\%$ per annum starting from year two. Due to improvements in the water supply and

the use of renewable means of energy in the factory, running costs are expected to decrease at a rate of $11\%$ per annum

starting from year two.

Depreciation is calculated using the straight$-$line method.

Assume that the current corporate tax rate is $30\%$ and the after$-$tax cost of debt is $11\%.$

Required:

You are required to:

$4\mathrm{.}1$ Determine the after$-$tax cash flows and the net present value of the cash outflows under each alternative.

$(23$