Walker took a systematic sample from the list of members in his car club by selecting every sixth member. The list of members is known as the

sampling ratio.

sampling frame.

sampling unit

sampling interval.

A measurement of religion in which the indicators include Christian, Muslim, Judaism, and Other would be at what level?

interval.

ordinal.

ratio.

nominal.

What is the lowest level of measurement in which there is an exact difference between attribute values?

ratio

interval

nominal

ordinal

Nonprobability sampling

includes stratified sampling.

always produces samples that possess distorted characteristics relative to the population.

denies the researcher the use of statistical theory to estimate the probability of correct inferences.

should never be used under any circumstances.

The hypothesis that no relationship exists among the variables being studied is known as the

proven hypothesis.

experimental hypothesis.

alternative hypothesis.

null hypothesis.

effect hypothesis.

When people claim that their research is "empirical," that means that it is

concerned with developing, exploring, or testing theories

concerned with rules that pertain to individual cases

concerned with rules that pertain to general cases

based on observations and measurements of reality

A measurement that is inaccurate, but consistently reports the same results is

not valid but precise.

both valid and precise.

neither valid nor precise.

valid.

A sampling interval of 5 was used to select a sample from a population of 1000. How many elements are to be in the sample?

100

5

200

1000

Debbie did an experiment and was particularly concerned that her subjects base their voluntary participation on a full understanding of the possible risks involved. This is an example of:

confidentiality.

a code of ethics.

deception.

an Institutional Review Board.

informed consent.

The Excel function of a random number generator is used for which design?

systematic sampling

cluster sampling

simple random sampling

stratified sampling

The Excel function of a random number generator is used for which design?

systematic sampling

cluster sampling

simple random sampling

stratified sampling

A study population is

that aggregation or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling.

the theoretically specified aggregation of study elements.

the hypothetical aggregation of all the elements in a study.

that aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected.

Tyler finds that in burglary cases men and women are equally likely to vote to acquit. Tyler should conclude that

there is no relationship between burglary and gender.

there is no relationship between burglary and verdicts.

there is no relationship between gender and verdict in burglary cases.

there is a relationship between gender and type of offense.

there is a relationship between gender and verdict in burglary cases.

The report that outlined what ethical standards should be recognized to ensure participant safety is the

None of the above.

Christopher Report.

Kerner Report.

Belmont Report.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory.

It is conducted at only one point in time.

All of these choices are characteristics of the cross-sectional study.

It concentrates on the changes that take place among a specific sample over a period of time.

A researcher selects a sample of citizens in a community and interviews them before a new factory is built in the community. The researcher interviews these same citizens six months later and one final time a year later. The researcher has engaged in ______ research design.

period

panel

trend

cross-sectional

_______________ involves determining the extent to which a measure represents concepts it should represent and does not represent concepts it should not represent.

Content validity

Divergent validity

Construct validity

Criterion validity

When the variablereligious affiliation is classified as Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish, this variable has the important quality of being

ordinal scale.

mutually exclusive.

interchangeable.

exhaustive.

Which of the following techniques of data collection is MOST likely to make a guarantee of anonymity difficult?

unobtrusive measures

interviews

secondary data analysis

The data collection technique does not affect the guarantee of anonymity.

mailed questionnaires

Sampling error reflects

the probability of selecting each element.

the degree of error to be expected for a given sample design.

the degree to which our interval is incorrect in systematic sampling.

the mistakes we make in picking our sample.

Sampling error is typically reduced by either increasing sample size or by increasing the homogeneity of the elements being sampled.

Nonprobability sampling is particularly useful in quantitative studies.

Numbers assigned to ranks on an ordinal scale can legitimately be added, multiplied, subtracted, and divided.

Clara is interested in studying the relationship between amount of time spent exercising and training, and athletic performance. She chooses to study the university's men's basketball team. She hypothesizes that the greater the amount of time spent in training per day, the better the athlete's performance. In this case, the individual team member is the element.

The literature review is an important and necessary component of a research proposal.

A nominal measure is one that is already quantified and ready to measure

It is easy to be aware of the possible factors that could harm subjects.

Quantitative data are based on qualitative judgment.

Debriefing is useful for all social research.

Precision and accuracy are synonyms.

Achieving validity is more important than achieving reliability.

Multistage sampling designs tend to have smaller sampling errors than single-stage sampling designs.

The standard error tells us how closely the population parameter is clustered around a single sample statistic.

Research designs are descriptive, explanatory, or exploratorynever more than one.

In deduction, we start from observed data and develop a generalization that explains the relationship between the observed concepts.

What is the sampling term used to describe the population that a researcher has access t o the population from which she or he will draw a sample?

If a field researcher wanted to learn a political organization's pattern of recruitment over time, the researcher might begin by interviewing a fairly recent recruit and ask who introduced that person to the organization. Then the researcher might interview the person named and ask who introduced that person to the political organization. This would be an example of _______sampling.

In a research journal, you read an article about the final exam performance of self-described "morning" people vs. "night" people who take an 8 A.M. class. In this study, the unit of analysis is____.

What is the strongest form of privacy protection of research participants?

John is looking to randomly select 100 students in his college to take part in a graduate research study on underage drinking.He has a list of all students that is numbered.To select participants, he uses a random number table to choose them.What form of sampling is John using?

In general, we can classify research in three different forms. Please list the three types of studies and explain them.

How would you measure each of the following variables using two different levels of measurement?

age

income

family size

Let's assume that you want to conduct a study about the relationship between the amount of time for studying and math-exam scores, please constructa null hypothesis anda one-sided alternative hypothesis .