We know from research that male traders tend to take riskier positions than female traders. Evidence has also determined that:

a. Male traders earn higher returns, in line with expectation that higher risk means higher return

b. Research has not been able to distinguish returns between male and female traders

c. Female traders earn lower returns, in line with expectation that lower risk means lower return

d. Male traders earn lower returns

e. Male and female traders earn about the same returns