What do we predict participants will do? Why? The expected finding is that you will correctly identify more words studied with the pleasantness judgment than with the character judgment. It seems that the deeper the processing of the word, the better your memory of the word. Performance on the memory task is measured as the proportion of words that were presented during the study session and correctly identified as having been presented.

In the statistical analysis of the data, you carry out a two-tailed, two-sample test for the difference of proportions. The null hypothesis is H0: PJudge e = PJudge pleasantness, and the alternative hypothesis is Ha: PJudge e PJudge pleasantness.

Note that in the trial-by-trial data there is much more information than you need to run the hypothesis test. In this test you will not need data from any of the study trials, nor will you need data for the words that were not studied.

Formulas The questions guide you through the calculations for a chi square (2) test to compare proportions. The first step is to count the number of correct and incorrect answers for the words in each study task. These steps make up the first four questions. The numbers are labeled as Oe (for the judge e task) and Op (for the judge pleasantness task) to indicate that they are the observed frequencies. Additional subscripts are used to indicate correct (+) or incorrect (-) counts. These values are commonly arranged in a table like this:

Answer Condition Correct Incorrect Total Judge e Oe+ Oe- Oe++Oe- Judge pleasantness Op+ Op- Op++Op- Total Oe++Op+ Oe-+Op- Notice that the last row and column is the sum of the columns and rows. You will need these values for the next step, which is to compute the expected frequencies for each cell in the table. To find the expected frequency for row i and column j use the formula:

Eij=TiTjT, where T is the total number of trials that contribute to the table, Ti is the sum of items in row i, and Tj is the sum of items in column j. With the formula, y, table of expected frequencies:

Answer Condition Correct Incorrect Judge e Ee+ Ee- Judge pleasantness Ep+ Ep- These values are then used to compute the chi square (2) statistic:

2=k=1L(EkOk)2Ek. Where L is the number of cells in the 2x2 table. This statistic has degrees of freedom df=1.

Observed number of words correctly recalled for the Judged e study task (Oe+): (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Observed number of words not recalled for the Judged e study task (Oe-): (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Observed number of words correctly recalled for the Judged pleasantness study task (Op+): (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Observed number of words not recalled for the Judged pleasantness study task (Op-): (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Expected number of words correctly recalled for the Judged e study task (Ee+): (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) Expected number of words not recalled for the Judged e study task (Ee-): (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) Expected number of words correctly recalled for the Judged pleasantness study task (Ep+): (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) Expected number of words not recalled for the Judged pleasantness study task (Ep-): (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) Chi square value (2): (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) p value for the Chi square (2) test : (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) Do you reject the null hypothesis?:

Trial	Phase	Study type	Word	Correct (1) or incorrect (0) recall
1	Study	Judge pleasantness	wise	--
2	Study	Judge e	dazzle	--
3	Study	Judge pleasantness	gloom	--
4	Study	Judge pleasantness	lust	--
5	Study	Judge pleasantness	deformed	--
6	Study	Judge pleasantness	sugar	--
7	Study	Judge pleasantness	shotgun	--
8	Study	Judge e	aggressive	--
9	Study	Judge pleasantness	rabbit	--
10	Study	Judge e	horse	--
11	Study	Judge e	useful	--
12	Study	Judge pleasantness	broken	--
13	Study	Judge e	bullet	--
14	Study	Judge pleasantness	pistol	--
15	Study	Judge e	coast	--
16	Study	Judge pleasantness	color	--
17	Study	Judge pleasantness	cottage	--
18	Study	Judge e	casino	--
19	Study	Judge e	vampire	--
20	Study	Judge e	victim	--
21	Study	Judge pleasantness	mosquito	--
22	Study	Judge pleasantness	quarrel	--
23	Study	Judge pleasantness	natural	--
24	Study	Judge e	snake	--
25	Study	Judge pleasantness	king	--
26	Study	Judge pleasantness	fraud	--
27	Study	Judge e	criminal	--
28	Study	Judge e	mighty	--
29	Study	Judge e	radio	--
30	Study	Judge e	hit	--
31	Study	Judge e	mail	--
32	Study	Judge e	luscious	--
33	Test	Not studied	patriot	1
34	Test	Judge e	victim	1
35	Test	Not studied	church	1
36	Test	Judge pleasantness	shotgun	1
37	Test	Judge pleasantness	cottage	1
38	Test	Judge pleasantness	natural	0
39	Test	Not studied	scandal	0
40	Test	Not studied	person	1
41	Test	Judge pleasantness	pistol	1
42	Test	Not studied	starving	1
43	Test	Not studied	execution	1
44	Test	Judge pleasantness	king	1
45	Test	Judge e	mail	1
46	Test	Judge pleasantness	gloom	1
47	Test	Judge pleasantness	rabbit	1
48	Test	Not studied	disappoint	1
49	Test	Judge e	useful	1
50	Test	Not studied	nuisance	1
51	Test	Judge pleasantness	wise	1
52	Test	Not studied	mobility	1
53	Test	Judge e	hit	1
54	Test	Judge e	horse	1
55	Test	Not studied	shark	1
56	Test	Not studied	politeness	1
57	Test	Judge e	coast	1
58	Test	Judge e	dazzle	0
59	Test	Not studied	lost	1
60	Test	Not studied	blond	1
61	Test	Not studied	muscular	1
62	Test	Not studied	dead	1
63	Test	Judge e	aggressive	0
64	Test	Not studied	memory	1