What Do You Expect? $($Scenario$)$

The employees at Acme Toilets Inc. are not working as hard as Jill, their supervisor, would like. The sales representatives aren't meeting their sales quotas, and Jill can't seem to motivate them to try harder. Jill has been studying Vroom's expectancy theory and has decided to try to apply it to her workplace.

Management has set the reward for meeting sales quotas at a lower level than last year. According to expectancy theory, employee motivation is probably being influenced by low $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.$

Show answer choices

a$.$ instrumentality

b$.$ expectancy

c$.$ valence

d$.$ morale