What is the purpose of system calls? Give an example for both Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

The services and functions provided by an operating system can be divided into two main categories. Briefly describe the two categories, and discuss how they differ.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the same system$-$call interface for manipulating both files and devices?

What are the two models of interprocess communication? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches?

What is the main advantage of the microkernel approach to system design? How do user programs and system services interact in a microkernel architecture? What are the disadvantages of using the microkernel approach?

Why is the separation of mechanism and policy desirable?

How could a system be designed to allow a choice of operating systems from which to boot? What would the bootstrap program need to do$?$

List five services provided by an operating system ${?}_2$ and explain how each creates convenience for users. In which cases would it be impossible for user$-$level programs to provide these services? Explain your answer.