When a company uses absorption costing, there is the potential for income manipulation based on choice of the denominator volume for setting the fixed overhead allocation rate. In which case is this manipulation-potential manifested?

Multiple Choice

• When sales volume > production volume, and the production-volume variance is prorated to inventories and cost of goods sold at the end of the period.

• When sales volume < production volume, and the production-volume variance is prorated to inventories and cost of goods sold at the end of the period.

• When the production-volume variance is written off entirely as an adjustment to cost of goods sold at the end of the period.

• When budgeted output is used to develop the standard overhead cost-allocation rate.

• When production volume for the period equals sales volume.