When a firm makes products that have very short life$-$cycles, the effect on total cost is:

Question $16$Select one:

a$.$

An increase because short life$-$cycles also decrease profitability

b$.$

An increase as new life$-$cycle costs $($particularly upstream development costs$)$ are constantly incurred

c$.$

No effect

d$.$

A decrease as the firm is constantly innovating and bringing new products to market and profitability is increasing