When children see a dog and hear it labeled $($e$.$g$.,$ "look, a dog!"$),$ they have to figure out if "dog" means all animals; if it refers to just a part of the animal $($e$.$g$.,$ his leg$)$; if it is this dog's name; if it refers to a subtype of dogs $($e$.$g$.,$ collies$)$; or many other possibilities. This challenge is known as:

Question $16$ options:

The parsing problem

The reference problem

Universal grammar

Categorical perception