When Congress passed a criminal statute called the "Gun$-$Free School Zones Act," the Supreme Court ruled that

a$.$ the law was valid as a proper exercise of the power to regulate interstate commerce.

b$.$ the law was not valid since Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause.

c$.$ the law was void for vagueness; thus, it was not valid.

d$.$

although the law was not a proper exercise of the power to regulate interstate commerce, Congress had the power to create such legislation on other grounds. Therefore, the statute was valid.