When critiquing an article, Hazing of Suburban Middle School and High School Athletes, which of these below are independent variables and which are dependent variables?

The competitors were 229 from the Christian Brothers Academy, Albany, New York. The participants were the first. The Christian Brothers Academy was established in 1859 by a De La Salle Christian Brothers, a college preparatory high school for boys. According to the Rules of Section II and the New York Public High School Athletic Association, Christian Brothers Academy participates throughout the Big Ten Athletic Conference. The Christian Brothers Academy grades section II as just a school in Class AA. The players in football, lacrosse, baseball, soccer, baseball, basketball, and hockey were involved in the following activities. The student-athletes between 14 and 18 years old were from 9th-12th grade. Demographic data for both the participants were not obtained at the request of the IRB.