When researchers study how people determine what behaviors will meet their needs, the researchers are working with $($hierarchy of needs$/$process theories$/$content theories$/$two$-$factory theory$)$ of motivation, and they are dealing with individuals as active decision makers.

Lukas believed that his company$$s merit pay system would reward him with a higher salary if he worked harder than other employees. His desire to work hard could be explained by the $($expectency theory$/$ERG theory$/$goal$-$setting theory$/$equity theory$)$ of motivation.