Which, if any, of the following statements are true?

Recessions are more costly for credit-constrained households than for other households because their ability to borrow in order to smooth consumption is limited.

Following an effective increase in their income, a household's consumption barely changes. One explanation for this is that the increase in income was not unexpected to the household.

Consider two economies, Oceania and Eurasia, which are identical except that Oceania has a higher share of impatient households (i.e., those who prefer to consume now and not to postpone). A forecast of lower long term growth in the economy will depress current consumption less in Oceania than in Eurasia.