Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate a strong a positive relationship between two variables?

Group of answer choices

0.00007

-0.9

0.88

-0.003

Flag question: Question 2

Question 2

0.25pts

Which of the following is an example of systematic sampling?

Group of answer choices

Selecting people from different cities in Texas

Selecting a group of hospitals and then obtaining a random sample in each hospital

Selecting every 10th person who comes into a hospital after 3pm

Selecting four groups of people from a shopping center and taking a random sample from each

Flag question: Question 3

Question 3

0.25pts

This type of variable can only be assigned one of two possible values, such as yes or no.

Group of answer choices

Binary

Ratio

Continuous

Numeric

Flag question: Question 4

Question 4

0.25pts

This type of distribution is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of a quantitative variable.

Group of answer choices

Symmetrical

Regular

Even

Normal

Flag question: Question 5

Question 5

0.25pts

Correlation implies that one of the variables depends on the other.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 6

Question 6

0.25pts

According to the video, the Stony Brook World Trade Center Health Program is an example of which study design?

Group of answer choices

Cross sectional

Cohort

Experimental

Qualitative

Flag question: Question 7

Question 7

0.25pts

According to the CDC video, the NHANES is conducted by collecting survey data from participants around the US through their website annually.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 8

Question 8

0.25pts

According to the Healthcare Triage video on Meta Analysis, Aaron Carroll compared two meta analyses that examined nutrients in organic foods. He preferred one study (the Stanford study) over the other (British Journal of Nutrition) because:

Group of answer choices

it included more previously published studies

It had more flexible inclusion criteria and included studies with different designs

It was more rigorous and excluded studies with weaker methodology

It was less strict with the definition of "nutrients"

Flag question: Question 9

Question 9

0.25pts

Words like "and," "or," and "not" are called _____________. They are key words built into search phrases to help find studies for a systematic review or meta analysis.

Group of answer choices

MeSH terms

Boolean operators

Search limiters

Search strings

Flag question: Question 10

Question 10

0.25pts

The statistical method used to test for publication bias in a meta analysis is called...

Group of answer choices

Forrest plot

Funnel plot

Odds ratio

Pooled estimate

Flag question: Question 11

Question 11

0.25pts

Cohort studies allow researchers to demonstrate a causal relationship between a disease and a risk factor.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 12

Question 12

0.25pts

When selecting study participants for an exposed and unexposed group, it's important that subjects in each group are as different as possible.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 13

Question 13

0.25pts

A third variable that affects the relationship of a risk factor and a disease because of its association with both is known as a(n):____________________

Group of answer choices

Dummy variable

Distorted variable

Confounding variable

Influencing variable

Flag question: Question 14

Question 14

0.25pts

Which of the following are characteristics of a confounding variable? (select all that apply)

Group of answer choices

It is a mediator between the exposure and the disease

It is associated with both the risk factor and the outcome

It is equally distributed between the exposed and unexposed groups

It is unequally distributed between different levels of exposure

Flag question: Question 15

Question 15

0.25pts

This is a measure of the strength of association between a risk factor and a disease.

Group of answer choices

Exposure ratio

Cohort ratio

Incidence rate ratio

Disease ratio

Flag question: Question 16

Question 16

0.25pts

An advantage of this type of study is that it can provide support for changes in economic or social policy.

Group of answer choices

Factorial trials

Natural experiments

Randomized clinical trials

Community trials

Flag question: Question 17

Question 17

0.25pts

Experimental studies are conducted to understand the etiology of diseases.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 18

Question 18

0.25pts

________________ play an important role in assuring ethical conduct of research projects through rigorous approval and monitoring of research protocols.

Group of answer choices

Institutional review boards

Experimental review boards

Ethical research review boards

Research review boards

Flag question: Question 19

Question 19

0.25pts

Typically, the goal of statistical analysis in a research study is to reject the null hypothesis.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 20

Question 20

0.25pts

Type I error occurs when a study does not find a difference between groups when a difference actually did exist.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 21

Question 21

0.25pts

What type of group assignment method randomly assigns members of certain demographic subgroups of people to an intervention group or control group?

Group of answer choices

Block randomization

Simple randomization

Stratified randomization

Cluster randomization

Flag question: Question 22

Question 22

0.25pts

I ask participants to indicate on a scale of 1-5 their level of interest in following politics.

The level of this variable is:

Group of answer choices

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Flag question: Question 23

Question 23

0.25pts

Cross-Sectional and Case Control Studies both collect data at one time point.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 24

Question 24

0.25pts

The "gold standard" of research designs in terms of establishing causality is the ________.

Group of answer choices

Case-control

Quasi-experiment

Cross-sectional

Randomized control trial

Flag question: Question 25

Question 25

0.25pts

One commonly-used type of control is a/an ________________, an inactive comparison that is similar to the therapy being tested.

Group of answer choices

experimental group

placebo

blank control

blinded control

Flag question: Question 26

Question 26

0.25pts

I ask participants about their marital status as follows:

Are you:

1. Married

2. Single (never married)

3. Divorced

4. Living with a partner

The level of this variable is:

Group of answer choices

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Flag question: Question 27

Question 27

0.25pts

Equipoise means __________

Group of answer choices

Random assignment of participants

Sensitivity and specificity of a test

Experimental ethics

Experimental bias

Flag question: Question 28

Question 28

0.25pts

A relationship in which higher levels of one variable are associated with lower levels of another is best described as ____.

Group of answer choices

positive correlation

negative correlation

curvilinear correlation

accelerated correlation

Flag question: Question 29

Question 29

0.25pts

The "entity" being studied in research, whether a neuron, a person, a class, or a town, is best referred to as a(n) ____.

Group of answer choices

participant

unit of analysis

outcome

observational target

Flag question: Question 30

Question 30

0.25pts

I collect data from a group of nurses who had a past history of smoking to determine disease outcomes that might be related to smoking. This might be an example of a:

Group of answer choices

Case study

Quasi-experiment

Retrospective cohort study

Case-control study

Flag question: Question 31

Question 31

0.25pts

A/an ____________ perspective of researchingriskfor disease means that the investigator is considering manylevels of influenceon a people's lives.

Group of answer choices

Pragmatic

Ecological

Experimental

Empirical

Flag question: Question 32

Question 32

0.25pts

True or False? The objective of a systematic review is to synthesize existing knowledge.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 33

Question 33

0.25pts

I want to test if my brilliant new measurement instrument called a "ruler" is valid so I compare measurements with another new instrument called a "scale" to see if they are correlated. I am testing for________.

Group of answer choices

External validity

Construct validity

Content validity

Criterion validity

Flag question: Question 34

Question 34

0.25pts

"If you drive a car, what kind of car is it?" is an example of which questionnaire error?

Group of answer choices

Double negatives

Faulty assumptions

Vagueness

Leading questions

Flag question: Question 35

Question 35

0.25pts

The ways in which questions are asked in a survey will influence which statistical tests the researcher can calculate on the collected data.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 36

Question 36

0.25pts

Systematic error...

Group of answer choices

is also called "noise"

affects all participants differently

has no consistency

affects the average of scores

Flag question: Question 37

Question 37

0.25pts

A researcher with strong quantitative skills would be required for what type of research?

Group of answer choices

Meta-analysis

Systematic review

Case studies

Qualitative research

Flag question: Question 38

Question 38

0.25pts

A __________ is a display ofthe likelihood of studies missingfrom the analysis because of publication bias.

Group of answer choices

Funnel plot

Cochran's Q

Fixed effects model

Forrest plot

Flag question: Question 39

Question 39

0.25pts

The NHANES uses which sampling method?

Group of answer choices

Simple random sampling

Snowball sampling

Cluster probability sampling

Convenience sampling

Flag question: Question 40

Question 40

0.25pts

When preparing slides for an oral presentation, the greatest number of slides should be dedicated to which area of content?

Group of answer choices

Research goal

Background

Methods

Results

Flag question: Question 41

Question 41

0.25pts

Poster sessions were designed so that the presenter can speak to an audience without having two-way dialogue.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 42

Question 42

0.25pts

A line graph is similar to a bar graph and is best used to display nominal data descriptive statistics.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 43

Question 43

0.25pts

When writing up the results of research, it is important to ensure that limitations of the study have been thoroughly concealed.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 44

Question 44

0.25pts

The _______________ for odds ratios and rate ratios provide information about how well the test statistic captures the true value of that measure in the source population.

Group of answer choices

p values

effect sizes

measures of association

confidence intervals

Flag question: Question 45

Question 45

0.25pts

Which of the following is the process of correcting any typographical or other errors in data files?

Group of answer choices

Data capture

Data cleaning

Data recoding

Data security

Flag question: Question 46

Question 46

0.25pts

For ratio (continuous) variables with a normal distribution...

Group of answer choices

the median and interquartile range are often reported.

the proportion/percentage of responses are reported

both the mean and the standard deviation are typically reported.

a pie chart is displayed

Flag question: Question 47

Question 47

0.25pts

Statistical procedures are typically reported in the results section of your research article.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 48

Question 48

0.25pts

The methods section of a manuscript should provide information about ethical considerations such as whether inducements were offered, how informed consent was documented, whether community groups were consulted, and which research ethics committees reviewed the project.

Group of answer choices

True

False