Which of the following fiscal policy measures would be expected to have an expansionary and which a contractionary impact upon the level of economic activity?

1. (a) A cut in direct taxation...................................................................expansionary / contractionary
2. (b) A rise in personal allowances.........................................................expansionary / contractionary
3. (c) An increase in public-sector net borrowing......................................expansionary / contractionary
4. (d) A reduction in social security benefits.............................................expansionary / contractionary
5. (e) A move from a budget deficit to a budget surplus............................expansionary / contractionary