Which of the following has been indicated by results of studies that have used the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire $($MLQ$)$ to investigate transformational and transactional leadership?

Transformational leaders seem to be less effective than transactional leaders at driving organizational change and getting results.

Transactional leadership is a significantly better predictor of organizational effectiveness than transformational leadership.

Transformational leadership is more prevalent in private institutions than in public institutions.

There seem to be a higher number of transformational leaders in lower levels of the military or public$-$sector organizations than anywhere else.