Which of the following is a common criticism of legal positivism?

a$.$ The outcome of any issue that arises under law is dependent on the person who is in the position to exercise power under the mantle of the law.

b$.$ It limits the checks and balances of our system of government by considering factors outside of valid sources of law when making decisions.

C$.$ It prohibits individuals from remaining true to their own consciences when their consciences conflict with the laws of the sovereign.

d$.$ It views natural law as subordinate to human$-$made law if the two types of law conflict.

e$.$ It does not consider any rule or "law" created by an illegitimate ruler as valid law.