Which of the following is a likely successful defence to battery? Choose the best answer.

a$.$ Dr$.$ Biggs administered a blood transfusion to save the life of an unconscious woman. Dr$.$ Biggs claimed it was necessary to save the woman's life, even though a medic alert bracelet on the woman's wrist said she did not want blood transfusions.

b$.$ Harry did not read the instructions for assembling his gas barbecue. The barbecue later blew up$,$ causing Harry serious injuries. The manufacturer claims Harry consented to his injuries because he did not read the safety warnings in the instructions.

c$.$ Todd was hit while playing hockey. The other player was ruled by the referee to have made a legitimate body check.

d$.$ Sally threw a baseball and it nearly hit Mrs$.$ Fulbright. They both agreed afterwards that Sally's throw was not intentional.

e$.$ All of the above would be successful defences.