Which of the following is correct regarding agency costs?

Select one:

a. Direct costs occur when managers, acting to minimize the risk of the firm, forego investments shareholders would prefer they take.

b. Indirect costs occur when managers buy assets considered unnecessary by the firm's owners.

c. Direct costs occur when managers, acting to minimize the risk of the firm, forego investments shareholders would prefer they take

d. Indirect costs occur when shareholders must incur costs to monitor the manager's actions.

e. Company paid club memberships for executives are an example of direct agency costs.