Which of the following is most likely to measure performance that results from a company's long$-$term commitments?

a$.$ a financial measure such as return on equity $($ROE$)$

b$.$ a company's stock price at the close of trading on a given day

c$.$ a cell phone service provider's customer "churn" for the most recent quarter

d$.$ a grocer's coupon redemption rate for the most recent fiscal year

e$.$ none of the above