Which of the following is not a benefit of decentralization?

Allowing managers some autonomy in decision making provides managerial training for future higher-level managers.

In a decentralized organization some tasks or services may be duplicated unnecessarily.

Managers with some decision-making authority usually exhibit greater motivation than those who merely execute the decisions of others.

Managers of the organization's subunits are specialists, thereby enabling them to manage their departments most effectively.