Which of the following is not an advantage of decentralization?

a. It allows lower-level managers to focus on their own particular goals and objectives without having to consider the overall company's goals and objectives.

b. It allows top-level managers more time to devote to long-range strategic planning.

c. It permits lower-level managers to gain valuable on-the-job training in order to become better managers.

d. It often creates higher job satisfaction for managers.