Which of the following is true of the father's impact on birth outcomes?

The father has little to no effect on birth outcomes.

The father can negatively influence the birth outcome, but he cannot positively impact it$.$

The father typically has a larger impact on birth outcomes than the mother, since he contributes more to the state of the prenatal environment than the mother.

By influencing the mother's diet, drug use, and prenatal care, the father can have a positive influence on birth outcome.