Which of the following, regarding violence, is false?

a. Pinker argues that reason, strong states (the Leviathan), feminization,

commerce, and cosmopolitanism are driving forces behind the long-term trend

towards declining violence in recent history.

b. Low income, negative growth shocks, moderate natural resource dependence, ethnic polarization, and climate change have all been found to be associated with greater risk of civil conflict.

c. The conflict trap describes a cycle of repeating civil conflicts within a country.

d. Pinker's list of 'better angels' (aspects of our nature disposing us towards peace)

includes empathy, self-control, the Moral Sense (i.e. adherence to peaceful social norms), and ideology.