Which of the following scenarios illustrates a potential tax avoidance scheme?

Question $4$Select one:

a$.$

A man transfers property to his child at a value less than fair market value.

b$.$

Property transferred between arm's$-$length parties is valued at fair market value.

c$.$

A shareholder owns two corporations and undertakes legal steps in order to permit loss utilization between the two companies.

d$.$

Dividends received from shares transferred from a wife to her husband are taxed in the hands of the wife.