Which of the following scenarios represent$($s$)$ a major source of systemic risk? Check all that apply.

Origin Savings and Loan Association originate thousands of subprime mortgages that are then sold to commercial banks, securities firms, and other savings institutions.

The Financial Reform Act was passed in $2010$ to provide stability to the financial system, and it mandated that financial institutions granting mortgages must conduct more thorough financial checks on lendees in an attempt to improve on standards that caused the credit crisis of $20082009.$

Smallwood Bank, which is a fictional bank with only $100$ deposit accounts among its members, fails one day and is unable to meet its obligations.

New Leaf Investment Bank relies heavily on short$-$term debt to finance their operations and uses their holdings of mortgage$-$backed securities as collateral. Suddenly the prices of mortgage backed securities plummet, and they can no longer issue short$-$term debt to pay off the principal on maturing deb