Which of the following scenarios will qualify under Section 351 as a nontaxable corporate formation? For those that do not qualify, what requirement of Section 351 do they violate?

a. Ginger, Mary Ann, and Mrs. Howell form GMH Corp. Ginger contributes memorabilia in exchange for 40% of GMHs stock, Mary Ann contributes farmland in exchange for 30% of GMH, and Mrs. Howell contributes cash in exchange for the remaining 30%.

b. Clyde founded ABC Corp. in 2009 and owns all of ABCs 1,000 shares of outstanding stock. In 2013, ABC issues 300 shares of new stock to Bonnie in exchange for land that Bonnie owned. Will Bonnies contribution qualify under Section 351?

c. With the same facts as part b, now ABC issues 4,500 shares of new stock to Bonnie in exchange for Bonnies land.

d. Bert and Ernie form Duckie Corp. in late 2013. Bert contributes $10,000 cash in exchange for 60% of Duckies stock; Ernie contributes services in exchange for the remaining 40% of Duckie.