Which of the following statements is correct?

a$.$ Forwarding and routing are the two most important functions in a datagram network

b$.$ Call setup and forwarding are the two most important functions in a datagram network

c$.$ Call setup and routing are the two most important functions in a datagram network

d$.$ Routing and Congestion control are the two most important functions in a datagram network

e$.$ Call setup and Congestion control are the two most important functions in a datagram network

Trading is used in

a$.$ Skype

b$.$ BitTorrent

c$.$ Instant messaging

d$.$ Voice over IP

e$.$ Real$-$time video conferencing

Which of the following statements is wrong?

a$.$ RIP allows multiple same$-$cost paths

b$.$ All OSPF messages authenticated

c$.$ OSPF advertisements are disseminated to the entire AS via flooding

d$.$ RIP routing tables are managed by an application$-$level process

e$.$ Poison reverse is used in RIP to prevent ping$-$pong loops

Consider a single sender and $32$ receivers. Suppose the sender is connected to the receivers by a binary tree of routers. What is the cost of sending a broadcast packet using the unicast approach to achieve broadcast? Here, each time a packet $($or copy of a packet$)$ is sent over a single link, it incurs a unit of cost$.$

a$.32$

b$.64$

c$.96$

d$.128$

e$.160$

Given the IPv$4$ address $10011100000001011000011011100011.$ Using the a$.$b$.$c$.$d notation, what is this address?

a$.156\mathrm{.}5\mathrm{.}134\mathrm{.}227$

b$.9\mathrm{.}192\mathrm{.}88\mathrm{.}110$

c$.192\mathrm{.}88\mathrm{.}110\mathrm{.}3$

d$.78\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}67\mathrm{.}113$

e$.$ This is not an IPv$4$ address. So$,$ it cannot be represented using the a$.$b$.$c$.$d notation

Questions $(6-8)$: A $3480$ octet datagram $($consisting of $3440$ TCP payload plus $20$ octet TCP header plus $20$ octets IP header$)$ is to be transmitted and needs to be fragmented because it will pass through an Ethernet with a maximum payload of $1740$ octets.

What is the value of the Total Length field of the first fragment?

a$.1700$

b$.1720$

c$.1740$

d$.1760$

e$.3480$

What is the value of the Offset field of the third fragment?

a$.214$

b$.215$

c$.428$

d$.430$

e$.$ There is no third fragment