Which of the following statements is most correct?

Affirmative action programs require quotas to govern employment decisions.

Affirmative action programs have eliminated discrimination in employment.

Affirmative action programs are required in all organizations by law.

Affirmative action programs involve efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote qualified individuals from groups that have traditionally been discriminated against on the basis of race, gender, or other characteristics.

Affirmative action programs have fallen out of favor because they have been proven to result in reverse discrimination against non$-$minorities who are the most qualified for the position.