Which of the following statements is true about cost shifting in hospitals?

A$.$ The ability to cost shift depends on a hospital$$s payer mix.

B$.$ The positive correlation coefficient between cost$-$to$-$payment ratios for various payers indicates that cost shifting is taking place.

C$.$ Regardless of payer mix, hospitals are taking full advantage of their bargaining power with payers who are able to cost shift.

D$.$ Classic Ramsey pricing can be interpreted in different ways, leading researchers into arguing that if it looks like cost shifting, it probably is cost shifting.

E$.$ Capacity$-$constrained medical providers are not able to cost shift.