Which of the following statements with regard to large stock dividends is true?

a. As a result of the stock dividend, retained earnings is reduced by the par value of the stock issued.

b. Retained earnings are reduced by the market value of the stock issued in the stock dividend.

c. If the market price of the stock before a 50% stock dividend is $30, after the stock dividend it will be $45.

d. As a result of a 50% stock dividend, a stockholder who had previously held 20 shares will then hold 40 shares.