1. Which of the following statements would Robyn Maynard disagree with?

1. Multiculturalism in Canada is an ideology that consolidated racial hierarchy and subordination
2. Anti-Black racism in Canada started with mass arrival of Black immigrants in the 1950s/60
3. The Canadian state has historically been a sponsor of structural and institutional racism
4. The social construction of whiteness interpellated Italians and Irish as non-white in the 19^th century and early twentieth century and so these groups experienced racial discrimination