Which of the following would properly be classified as a favorable supply shock?

There is an increase in government spending.

The world price of oil increases rapidly without warning and is expected to remain at the new high level for many years, making it more expensive for all firms to produce goods and services.

A hurricane hits a major city, destroying factories, roads, airports, and homes. Because the city was a major port and transportation hub, goods and services need to be rerouted, increasing transportation costs for firms nationwide.

The interest rate decreases, spurring investment spending.

There is a technological improvement that allows firms to reduce their costs of production permanently.