Which of these arguments is/are valid?

Each of the thirty branches of that franchise that I visited had a receptionist. So, all forty branches of the franchise have a receptionist.

A default on a financial obligation will be reported only on my credit report. Since I never see or access my credit report, my default on a financial obligation will not affect me in any way.

Purchasing decisions are influenced by a consumers self-image and desired lifestyle. So, advertising influences purchasing decisions since advertising influences self-image and lifestyle.

Advertisers must try to make potential customers perceive some problem. This is so since problem-solving is the first step in the consumer decision-making process and the first step is probably the most important.