Which organization is most likely to have the highest employee performance and organizational productivity? 

a. Neither, as they are both in the same industry and facing the same environments. 

b. Organization ABC, because the plans are formulated by management for each level of the organization. 

c. Organization XYZ, because the employees participated in the planning process and know specifically what their objectives are. 

d. Neither, because the hierarchy of organizational goals is clearly defined at each level.