Which OSI layer is responsible for the following:

a$.$ Determines the best path to route packets in the backbone network using IP addresses.

b$.$ Provides end$-$to$-$end accounting of packet arrivals for error recovery and flow control.

c$.$ Provides for interpretation of signals into bits for bit transmission.

d$.$ Provides node$-$to$-$node MAC addresses and accounting of frames with reliable service.

e$.$ Manages multiple connections between cooperating applications on the same computer