Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?

a. Positive reinforcement and neutral reinforcement

b. Negative reinforcement and strict reinforcement

c. Negative reinforcement and neutral reinforcement

d. Strict reinforcement and neutral reinforcement

e. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has inadvertently been rewarding a behavior he or she wants to discourage?

a. Positive reinforcement

b. Negative reinforcement

c. Punishment

d. Extinction

e. Classical conditioning

In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of

a. equity perceptions.

b. emotional states.

c. attitudes.

d. subconscious perceptions.

e. consequences.

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers tothe perceived value of a given reward or outcome?

a. Perception

b. Expectancy

c. Valence

d. Strength

e. Generality

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called

a. trauma.

b. training.

c. growth.

d. intelligence.

e. learning.