With an urban population growing three percent per year, Pakistanis are flocking to cities faster than any other country in South Asia. By 2030, more than half of Pakistan's projected 250 million citizens are expected to live in cities. However, urbanization has inflated Pakistan's biggest cities so rapidly that they struggle to deliver public services and create productive jobs.

• One of such inadequacy is the public transport which has fueled a rise in private taxi services (Albayrak, Uber and Careem). In addition, the Lahore Metro Bus, Kalma Chowk Underpass, Fawara Chowk Underpass, Lahore Ring Road and widening of Canal Bank Road are some of the projects undertaken by the Government of Punjab, as part of urban development to overcome the transport issues. The most recent addition is the airconditioned metro feeder buses and orange train. Undertake an assessment of these public expenditures as optimal social choice. Does it help to achieve the objective of social justice?
• In recent years, the conception of urban development has shifted from physical infrastructure towards the provision of better living conditions. What government expenditures in your opinion should be devised for the optimal provision of services to cater the needs of growing urban population and the betterment of society? Develop cases for public good and impure public good. Also devise an optimal rationing method to avoid overconsumption.